
***************
Tips and Tricks
***************

Here are various suggestions that you might find useful when writing scripts.
Some of these are just Python features that you may not have thought to use with Blender,
others are Blender-specific.


.. _use_the_terminal:

Use the Terminal
================

When writing Python scripts, it's useful to have a terminal open,
this is not the built-in Python console but a terminal application which is used to start Blender.

The three main use cases for the terminal are:

- You can see the output of ``print()`` as your script runs, which is useful to view debug info.
- The error traceback is printed in full to the terminal which won't always generate a report message in
  Blender's user interface (depending on how the script is executed).
- If the script runs for too long or you accidentally enter an infinite loop,
  :kbd:`Ctrl-C` in the terminal (:kbd:`Ctrl-Break` on Windows) will quit the script early.

.. seealso::

   :ref:`blender_manual:command_line-launch-index`.


Interface Tricks
================

Access Operator Commands
------------------------

You may have noticed that the tooltip for menu items and buttons includes the ``bpy.ops.[...]`` command
to run that button, a handy (hidden) feature is that you can press :kbd:`Ctrl-C` over
any menu item or button to copy this command into the clipboard.


Access Data Path
----------------

To find the path from an :class:`ID` data-block to its setting isn't always so simple since it may be nested away.
To get this quickly open the context menu of the setting and select *Copy Data Path*,
if this can't be generated, only the property name is copied.

.. note::

   This uses the same method for creating the animation path used by
   :class:`bpy.types.FCurve.data_path` and
   :class:`bpy.types.DriverTarget.data_path` drivers.


.. _info_show_all_operators:

Show All Operators
==================

While Blender logs operators in the Info editor,
this only reports operators with the ``REGISTER`` option enabled so as not to flood the *Info* view
with calls to ``bpy.ops.view3d.smoothview`` and ``bpy.ops.view3d.zoom``.
Yet for testing it can be useful to see **every** operator called in a terminal,
do this by enabling the debug option either by passing the ``--debug-wm`` argument when starting Blender
or by setting :mod:`bpy.app.debug_wm` to ``True`` while Blender is running.


Use an External Editor
======================

Blender's text editor is fine for small changes and writing tests but it's not full featured,
for larger projects you'll probably want to use a standalone editor or Python IDE.
Editing a text file externally and having the same text open in Blender does work
but isn't that optimal so here are two ways you can use an external file from Blender.
Using the following examples you'll still need text data-block in Blender to execute,
but reference an external file rather than including it directly.


Executing External Scripts
--------------------------

This is the equivalent to running the script directly, referencing a script's path from a two line code block.

.. code-block:: python

   filename = "/full/path/to/myscript.py"
   exec(compile(open(filename).read(), filename, 'exec'))


You might want to reference a script relative to the blend-file.

.. code-block:: python

   import bpy
   import os

   filename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bpy.data.filepath), "myscript.py")
   exec(compile(open(filename).read(), filename, 'exec'))


Executing Modules
-----------------

This example shows loading a script in as a module and executing a module function.

.. code-block:: python

   import myscript
   import importlib

   importlib.reload(myscript)
   myscript.main()


Notice that the script is reloaded every time, this forces use of the modified version,
otherwise the cached one in ``sys.modules`` would be used until Blender was restarted.

The important difference between this and executing the script directly is it
has to call a function in the module, in this case ``main()`` but it can be any function,
an advantage with this is you can pass arguments to the function from this
small script which is often useful for testing different settings quickly.

The other issue with this is the script has to be in Python's module search path.
While this is not best practice -- for testing purposes you can extend the search path,
this following example adds the current blend-file's directory to the search path
and then loads the script as a module.

.. code-block:: python

   import sys
   import os
   import bpy

   blend_dir = os.path.dirname(bpy.data.filepath)
   if blend_dir not in sys.path:
      sys.path.append(blend_dir)

   import myscript
   import importlib
   importlib.reload(myscript)
   myscript.main()


Use Blender without its User Interface
======================================

While developing your own scripts Blender's interface can get in the way,
manually reloading, running the scripts, opening file import, etc. adds overhead.
For scripts that are not interactive it can end up being more efficient not to use
Blender's interface at all and instead execute the script on the command line.

.. code-block:: sh

   blender --background --python myscript.py


You might want to run this with a blend-file so the script has some data to operate on.

.. code-block:: sh

   blender myscene.blend --background --python myscript.py

.. note::

   Depending on your setup you might have to enter the full path to the Blender executable.


Once the script is running properly in background mode, you'll want to check the output of the script,
this depends completely on the task at hand, however, here are some suggestions:

- Render the output to an image, use an image viewer and keep writing over the same image each time.
- Save a new blend-file, or export the file using one of Blender's exporters.
- If the results can be displayed as text then print them or write them to a file.


While this can take a little time to setup, it can be well worth the effort
to reduce the time it takes to test changes. You can even have
Blender running the script every few seconds with a viewer updating the results,
so no need to leave your text editor to see changes.


Use External Tools
==================

When there are no readily available Python modules to perform specific tasks it's
worth keeping in mind you may be able to have Python execute an external command
on your data and read the result back in.

Using external programs adds an extra dependency and may limit who can use the script
but to quickly setup your own custom pipeline or writing one-off scripts this can be handy.

Examples include:

- Run Gimp in batch mode to execute custom scripts for advanced image processing.
- Write out 3D models to use external mesh manipulation tools and read back in the results.
- Convert files into recognizable formats before reading.


Bundled Python & Extensions
===========================

The Blender releases distributed from blender.org include a complete Python installation on all platforms,
this has the disadvantage that any extensions you have installed on your system's Python environment
will not be found by Blender.

There are two ways to work around this:

- Remove Blender Python subdirectory, Blender will then fall back on the system's Python and use that instead.

  Depending on your platform,
  you may need to explicitly reference the location of your Python installation using
  the ``PYTHONPATH`` environment variable, e.g:

  .. code-block:: sh

     PYTHONPATH=/usr/lib/python3.7 ./blender --python-use-system-env

  .. warning::

     The Python (major, minor) version must match the one that Blender comes with.
     Therefore you can't use Python 3.6 with Blender built to use Python 3.7.

- Copy or link the extensions into Blender's Python subdirectory so Blender can access them,
  you can also copy the entire Python installation into Blender's subdirectory,
  replacing the one Blender comes with.
  This works as long as the Python versions match and the paths are created in the same relative locations.
  Doing this has the advantage that you can redistribute this bundle to others with Blender
  including any extensions you rely on.


Insert a Python Interpreter into your Script
============================================

In the middle of a script you may want to inspect variables,
run functions and inspect the flow.

.. code-block:: python

   import code
   code.interact(local=locals())


If you want to access both global and local variables run this:

.. code-block:: python

   import code
   namespace = globals().copy()
   namespace.update(locals())
   code.interact(local=namespace)


The next example is an equivalent single line version of the script above which is easier to paste into your code:

.. code-block:: python

   __import__('code').interact(local=dict(globals(), **locals()))


``code.interact`` can be added at any line in the script
and will pause the script to launch an interactive interpreter in the terminal,
when you're done you can quit the interpreter and the script will continue execution.


If you have **IPython** installed you can use its ``embed()`` function which uses the current namespace.
The IPython prompt has auto-complete and some useful features that the standard Python eval-loop doesn't have.

.. code-block:: python

   import IPython
   IPython.embed()


Admittedly this highlights the lack of any Python debugging support built into Blender,
but its still a handy thing to know.


Advanced
========

Blender as a Module
-------------------

From a Python perspective it's nicer to have everything as an extension
which lets the Python script combine many components.

Advantages include:

- You can use external editors or IDEs with Blender's Python API and execute scripts within the IDE
  (step over code, inspect variables as the script runs).
- Editors or IDEs can auto-complete Blender modules and variables.
- Existing scripts can import Blender APIs without having to be run inside of Blender.

This is marked advanced because to run Blender as a Python module requires a special build option.
For instructions on building see
`Building Blender as a Python module <https://developer.blender.org/docs/handbook/building_blender/python_module/>`__.


Python Safety (Build Option)
----------------------------

Since it's possible to access data which has been removed (see :doc:`Gotchas <info_gotcha>`),
it can be hard to track down the cause of crashes.
To raise Python exceptions on accessing freed data (rather than crashing),
enable the CMake build option ``WITH_PYTHON_SAFETY``.
This enables data tracking which makes data access about two times slower
which is why the option isn't enabled in release builds.
